"Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α identified as key uremic triggers for calcific differentiation of MSC, progenitor cells implicated in vascular regeneration, supporting anti-inflammatory strategies in CKD patients to restore vascular regenerative capacity and prevent excessive vascular damage.
“Top 4” toxins identified in our screening approach, IL-1β, TNF-α, FGF-2, and PTH1-84, are “middle-sized molecules” poorly removed by conventional dialysis with high-flux membranes. Selective medium cut-off (MCO) membranes are novel therapeutic strategy"